摘 要 目的 解决刀具破损声发射监测中抗干扰性差和可靠性低的问题。方法 依据刀具破损的声发射信号特征和加工过程中的主要声发射干扰噪声的特征,采用自适应滤波、高低通滤波信号比较、双阈值判别等监测方法剔除干扰信号并准确地识别刀具破损信号。结果 研制的新型监控系统,以冷却润滑液为声发射波的传播媒质,安装、使用方便,体积小,结构紧凑。结论 经实验证明,该系统具有较强的抗干扰性和较高的可靠性。
关键词 刀具破损; 声发射; 监测; 抗干扰
分类号 TG502
Anti-Interference Technology for the Tool Breakage
with the Acoustic Emission Monitoring
Yang Dayong Wang Xinyi Xu Chunguang Jia Yuping
(School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081)
Abstract Aim To solve the problem of low interference resistance and low reliability in the acoustic emission monitoring for the tool breakage. Methods Based on the feature of tool breakage's and primary interference's acoustic emission signal during manufacturing process, the signal of tool breakage was identified with the monitoring methods such as differential amplifying, the distinguishing method with double threshold value. This monitoring and processing method was discussed. Results The corresponding monitoring system is developed. The system uses cooling and lubricating liquid as the medium to transmit AE wave, which can be handily installed. In addition, the system has many advantages, such as small volume and compact structure. Conclusion The experiment proved that the system has relativly high interference resistance and reliability.
Key words tool breakage; acoustic emission; monitoring; anti-interference
部级基金资助项目作者研究了刀具破损时的声发射信号[1~3],提出了一种新的抗干扰性强的监测方法,研制了相应的新型监控系统。该系统把传感器、前置放大器、信号处理、控制系统集成为一体,利用液体传播声发射波,可直接安装在机床主轴旁边。电源、线路板的布线和元器件布局都采取了抗干扰措施。同时依据电磁兼容设计原理,采取了一点接地、壳体屏蔽结构。
1 切削加工中的干扰噪声
在切削加工过程中,由于存在着大量的声发射现象,如3个切削变形区的塑性变形与金属间摩擦、切屑断裂,主轴齿轮啮合、滚动轴承振动,因此必需把它们所产生的声发射信号与刀具破损的声发射信号区分开,并把刀具破损AE(acoustic emission)信号以外的噪声去除。
试验采用以冷却润滑液为传播媒体的非表面接触的声发射传感器,该传感器将前置放大器(带宽4MHz,增益60dB)集成在内部,灵敏度高,其传递幅频特性如图1所示。图中纵坐标为幅度G/dB。传感器的谐振频率为1MHz,由图可见,在4MHz以下的频率范围内都具有较好的传递特性。数据采集使用最高采样频率5MHz的数据采集板。对刀具破损信号和主要的干扰噪声进行采集并存储在计算机内,然后用信号处理软件对其进行分析。

图1 传感器传递特性图